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4 The role of GLP-1/GLP-R in related disease 4.1 Diabetes Diabetes mellitus is characterized by increased inflammation, reflecting innate immune control disorders, and studies have shown a local intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL)-GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) signaling network that controls the mucosal immune response (43)

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Laursen et al., 2001)

Gut bacteria can metabolize carnitine into trimethylamine, which the liver converts to trimethylamine-N-oxide or TMAO